Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects people with ovaries, primarily women of reproductive age. PCOS is characterized by a combination of various symptoms and hormonal imbalances. While the exact cause of PCOS is not fully understood, it involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

The key features of PCOS include:

1. **Irregular Menstrual Cycles**: Women with PCOS often experience irregular periods or may have infrequent periods due to irregular ovulation.

2. **Hyperandrogenism**: Elevated levels of androgens (male hormones) such as testosterone. This can lead to symptoms like excess facial or body hair (hirsutism), acne, and male-pattern baldness.

3. **Polycystic Ovaries**: The ovaries may contain numerous small cysts, which are actually follicles that have not matured properly due to disrupted ovulation.

Other common symptoms and associated conditions include:

- Insulin Resistance: Many individuals with PCOS have insulin resistance, which can lead to higher levels of insulin in the blood. This can contribute to weight gain and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.

- Weight Gain: Many individuals with PCOS struggle with weight gain or have difficulty losing weight.

- Fertility Issues: The irregular or absent ovulation can make it more challenging to conceive. PCOS is one of the leading causes of infertility.

- Skin Changes: Acne, oily skin, and dark patches of skin (acanthosis nigricans) can occur due to hormonal imbalances.

- Mood Changes: Some individuals with PCOS may experience mood swings, depression, or anxiety.

The diagnosis of PCOS is usually made based on a combination of clinical symptoms, physical examination, and specific diagnostic criteria. There is no single test that definitively diagnoses PCOS, and the condition can present differently in different individuals.

Management of PCOS typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, addressing both the hormonal and metabolic aspects of the disorder. Treatment options may include:

- Lifestyle Changes: Weight management through a balanced diet and regular exercise can help improve insulin sensitivity and hormonal balance.
  
- Medications: Hormonal contraceptives can regulate periods and reduce androgen levels. Anti-androgen medications can help manage symptoms like hirsutism and acne. Metformin, a medication used to manage insulin resistance and diabetes, might also be prescribed.

- Fertility Treatments: If fertility is a concern, medications like clomiphene citrate or letrozole might be used to induce ovulation.

PCOS management is individualized, and the approach may vary based on the individual's specific symptoms, goals, and health concerns. Regular medical follow-up is important to monitor and address any potential complications associated with PCOS, such as diabetes and heart disease.